Here are some tips that should trigger you to conduct a full tax planning session to ensure your tax bill next year is not higher than it needs to be.

1. You owed tax last year. If you have not adjusted your withholdings, you could be in for a big tax bill. Time to take a look and plan accordingly.

2. Your household income changes dramatically. Whether higher OR lower, a change in income will impact your taxes, especially if it impacts availability of deductions or credits.

3. You are getting married or divorced. Married filing joint brings benefits and tax surprises. So does the impact of being single once again.

4. You have kids attending college next year. There are a number of tax programs that can help.

5. You have a small business. There are depreciation benefits plus the qualified business income deduction to consider. Plus you will need to understand the flow through impact your business profits will have on your personal tax return.

6. You plan on selling investments. Capital Gains tax rates can now range from 0% to 37% (depending on long or short term gains and your income level).

7. There are changes in your employer provided benefits. These changes could impact your taxable income this year.

8. You buy, sell or go through home foreclosure. There are tax benefits AND tax surprises when you buy or sell a home. A planful approach can make all the difference.

9. You have major medical expenses. The threshold for itemizing medical deductions is 7.5%. This means to itemize these expenses, they must exceed 7.5% of your income. But with proper planning, there are other ways to pay these expenses with pre-tax money!

10. You recently lost or changed jobs. Federal unemployment benefits are taxable and need to be accounted for in your tax plan.

11. Your estate has not been reviewed in the past 12 months. New gift tax and estate tax laws make 2013 a key year for an estate tax review.

12. You have a new child or dependent. These treasures bring joy AND a different tax obligation!

If any of these triggers apply to you, please schedule a tax planning appointment.

Selling property to a family member or loved one is deemed a related party transaction by the IRS. If contemplating a transaction like this, you need to review the tax consequences of your decision BEFORE you act. As you might imagine, related party transactions covers relatives like your children, grandchildren and siblings, but it also applies to business entities you own. Here are four common situations you may encounter, and tips to help you avoid tax trouble:

1. Installment sales. When selling your property over two or more years, your transaction is deemed an installment sale. With an installment sale you can defer tax on your gain until the tax years in which payments are actually received. However, if you sell the property to a related party who disposes of it within two years, the remaining tax is due immediately!

Tip: To solve this problem, insert language in the legal agreement with your related party that does not allow the disposition of the property within two years.

2. Selling at a discount. If you’re selling a house to a related party, you may wish to give that person a sweetheart deal. Unfortunately, the IRS may reclassify the transaction as a gift if the property is sold at considerably less than its fair market value (FMV). Fortunately, you have some wiggle room. If you discount the sale by less than 25 percent, you should be OK.

Tip: Err on the side of safety by having an appraisal of the property before the transfer date OR build documentation that justifies the FMV.

3. Transferring remainder interests. In some cases, a homeowner may transfer an interest in a home to his or her estate while continuing to live there. Although this may meet certain objectives, the estate can’t take advantage of the $250,000 home sale exclusion ($500,000 for joint filers). However, if the heirs subsequently meet the two-out-of-five-year ownership and use requirements, the exclusion becomes available.

Tip: Prior to transferring interest in your home to anyone (including a trust or an estate), understand the impact of this action on the tax-free home gain exclusion.

4. Like-kind exchanges. Often, instead of selling business or investment property, an owner may trade for another, similar property hoping to either defer or avoid taxable gains. Under recent legislation, tax-free exchanges of like-kind properties are eliminated, except for qualified real estate transactions. Tax is generally deferred until the replacement property is sold, but the tax law imposes a two-year holding requirement on the parties to the deal. Alternatively, you may qualify under a special exception, such as proving tax avoidance wasn’t the purpose of the sale.

Tip: Related property transactions of this type can get complicated. Ask for a review of your situation before trading any property.

Transferring assets, including property, to family gets the attention of the IRS. Should you be contemplating this, reach out for assistance before making the move.

The IRS is being very public about increasing the review of tax returns. The best defense for you is to be prepared before it happens. Here are some suggestions:

The one-two punch

To prove your deduction, most auditors look for two key documents: receipts and proof of payment.

1. Receipts. This is the first of the key documents you must have to validate a deduction. The receipt should clearly show the company or entity, the date, the value of the activity and a clear description of the activity. In the case of donations, the receipt should also have a statement that confirms you received no benefit in return for your donation. It should also state that you are not retaining part ownership of the donation.

2. Proof of payment. The second key document to defend your deduction is proof of payment. You will need a canceled check, a bank statement or a credit card receipt and related statement.

Contemporaneous is key

Your proof of payment and receipts should generally match the date of the activity. The IRS is quick to dismiss receipts that are obtained after the fact. A good rule of thumb is to ensure receipts and proof of payment are received at the time of the activity. If not, at least make sure you have receipts and payment proof within the tax year the deduction is taken.

Other proof is often required

In addition to the above, there are certain deductions that require additional documentation. Here are the most common;

Mileage logs. You will need to show properly-maintained mileage logs for business miles, charitable miles and any medical mile deductions.

Business records. You will need financial statements for any business-related activity with supporting documentation.

Residency. If you live in multiple states or multiple countries, you may have to prove where you lived during the year. In addition, to receive the capital gain exclusion for a home sale, you will need to prove residency for two of the last five years. So keep records that show your physical presence to support your tax filings.

Non-reimbursement. If you claim any education credits, you will need to show that you actually spent money for qualified expenses at qualified institutions. You will also need to show that your claimed expenses were not reimbursed through scholarships or grants.

Defending your tax return during an audit can seem daunting. Fortunately, with some thoughtful planning, an audit can readily turn into a NO CHANGE audit.

Everybody likes getting something for free, and taxes are no different. If you invest in securities such as municipal bonds (munis) or municipal bond funds, you can generate tax-free interest income. Here is what you need to know.

Advantages of municipal bonds

You pay zero federal tax on municipal bond investment income. This makes municipal bonds more attractive than many comparable taxable investments. A municipal bond paying 6 percent to an investor in the 24 percent tax bracket is actually a better investment than a taxable bond paying interest at 7.9 percent, due to the federal income tax break.

What’s more, municipal bond income isn’t counted for net investment income tax purposes. So if you are subject to this 3.8 percent surtax, municipal bonds provide an additional tax break to you. And, if the bond is issued by an authority within the state where you reside, it’s also exempt from any state income tax.

For these reasons, municipal bonds are a popular investment, especially among retirees because they are often stable, and most bonds carry a relatively low risk.

Potential consequences

While the benefits of municipal bonds make it an attractive option for many investors, there are potential downsides:

• Alternative minimum tax. If you invest in certain private activity bonds — such as some bonds used to finance projects like a stadium — the income may cause alternative minimum tax complications.
• Capital gains tax. When you sell a municipal bond at a profit, you owe capital gains tax on the sale. For instance, if you buy a bond for $5,000 and sell it for $6,000, you’re taxed on the $1,000 gain.
• State tax possibility. If you invest in municipal bonds issued by another state, the interest income is taxable by the state where you reside.
• Bond risk. Municipal bonds, just like corporate bonds, carry a risk of default. So it is important to understand what you are buying and the likelihood of repayment risk.
• Taxes on Social Security benefits. Interest income from municipal bonds could make up to 85 percent of your Social Security benefits taxable. The taxation of Social Security benefits is based on a calculation that specifically includes tax-free municipal bond income.

Investing in municipal bonds can provide tax-free, stable income, but you need to understand how the investments fit with your situation to maximize the tax savings.

Putting off distributions and holding assets in your retirement accounts as long as possible may seem like a good idea, but waiting too long can cause a major tax problem. When you reach age 73, the trigger requiring minimum distributions (RMDs) from qualified retirement accounts is initiated, potentially causing unwanted tax obligations.

RMDs explained

Required minimum distributions is a formula applied to traditional IRAs, SEP IRAs, SIMPLE IRAs, 401(k), 403(b) and other defined contribution plans that calculates how much you must withdraw from your retirement accounts each year. If you fail to take out the minimum distributions, amounts not distributed on a timely basis can be subject to a 25% penalty (or 10% if the problem is corrected within two years).

ALERT: Prior to 2023, the RMD penalty was a whopping 50%!

Thankfully, there are other beneficial rule changes that impact required minimum distributions:

No distributions required while you are still working. You may now delay withdrawing funds from employer plans like a 401(k), past age 73 as long as you are still working and are not a 5%-or-greater owner of the company.

RMD rules are different for Roth accounts. Roth IRAs are not subject to the RMD rules while you are still living. And beginning in 2024, Roth 401(k) and Roth 403(b) minimum withdrawals are not required.

The RMD rules ensure the deferred tax benefit for certain retirement accounts does not extend indefinitely into the future. In other words, the IRS wants their cut by applying income taxes to your tax-deferred savings account balances. The amount you must take out each year is based upon your age, your spouse’s age, and your filing status.

The tax planning opportunity

If you wait to start taking money out of your retirement accounts, the balance in your accounts may be very high when you reach age 73. These higher balances mean a higher annual taxable withdrawal amount. If your required retirement plan distribution is large enough, it may apply a higher marginal tax rate on your withdrawals, and trigger taxes on your Social Security benefits. Depending on your income and filing status, up to 85 percent of your Social Security benefit can be subject to income tax.

The key is to be tax efficient in your withdrawals every year, and long before the required minimum distribution rules take away your planning flexibility.

Some tips

• Plan withdrawals. Once you hit age 59½, you may withdraw money from qualified, tax-deferred retirement accounts without experiencing an early withdrawal penalty. To reduce future tax risk on your Social Security benefits, manage annual disbursements from your retirement account(s) to be more tax efficient when you reach age 73.
• Start receiving Social Security. You may begin full Social Security benefits after reaching the minimum retirement age. But remember, your benefit amount can increase if your start date for receiving Social Security benefits is delayed until age 70. Consider this as part of your plan to be tax efficient.
• See an advisor. There are many moving parts in planning for retirement. These include Social Security benefits, pension plans, savings, and retirement accounts. Ask for help to create the proper plan for you and your family. One element of the plan should include being tax efficient to avoid the tax torpedo.

The Social Security Administration announced a 3.2% boost to monthly Social Security and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits for 2024, a big drop from last year’s increase of 8.7%. The increase is based on the rise in the Consumer Price Index over the past 12 months ending in September 2023.

For those contributing to Social Security through wages, the potential maximum income subject to Social Security taxes is increasing to $168,600. This represents a 5% increase in your Social Security taxes! Here’s a recap of the key dollar amounts:

2024 Social Security Benefits – Key Information

What it means for you

• Up to $168,600 in wages will be subject to Social Security taxes, an increase of $8,400 from 2023. This amounts to $10,453.20 in maximum annual employee Social Security payments (an increase of $520!), so plan accordingly. Any excess Social Security taxes paid because of having multiple employers can be returned to you as a credit on your tax return.
• For all retired workers receiving Social Security retirement benefits, the estimated average monthly benefit will be $1,907 per month in 2024, an average increase of $80 per month.
• SSI is the standard payment for people in need. To qualify for this payment, you must have little income and few resources ($2,000 if single, $3,000 if married).
• A full-time student who is blind or disabled can still receive SSI benefits as long as earned income does not exceed the monthly and annual student exclusion amounts listed above.

Social Security & Medicare Rates

The Social Security and Medicare tax rates do not change from 2023 to 2024. The rates are 6.20 percent for Social Security and 1.45 percent for Medicare. There is also a 0.9 percent Medicare wages surtax for single taxpayers with wages above $200,000 ($250,000 for joint filers) that is not reflected in these figures. Please note that your employer also pays a 6.2 percent Social Security tax and a 1.45 percent Medicare tax on your behalf. These amounts are reflected in the self-employment tax rate of 15.3%, as self-employed individuals pay both halves of the tax rate.

One of the more unpleasant surprises that can hit a taxpayer occurs when you sell personal property, rental property or assets from your small business. This tax surprise is often associated with depreciation recapture rules.

Defined

Depreciation recapture refers to reducing the cost of an asset sold by prior period’s depreciation expense to determine whether taxes are owed on the sale of an asset and to determine the type of tax that must be paid on the sale of the asset.

When you have business property with a useful life of over one year, you often have the ability to deduct part of the cost of that property over the estimated useful life (recovery period) of that property. The most common users of these depreciation rules are small businesses and rental property owners.

When the asset is later sold the IRS wants you to determine if any tax is due as either ordinary income or as a capital gain.

A simplified example: Assume you run a small business out of your home. You purchase a new computer used 100% by your small business. The cost of the computer is $3,500. IRS rules determine you may recover the cost of this type of asset over five years. So each year you can deduct $700 as depreciation (1/5 of the cost of the computer assuming straight-line depreciation is used) on your business tax return.

Next assume the computer was sold at the end of year three for $2,000. This will result in a taxable event that includes depreciation recapture.

* This example is simplified for clarity. Actual depreciation methods used will vary from this example. The ordinary income must be claimed on your tax return and is caused because of the depreciation taken in prior years. This illustrates the recapture of prior period depreciation.

When does depreciation recapture occur?

Look for the possibility of depreciation recapture when:

1. You sell rental property
2. You sell your home that you have used as a home office
3. You sell any property used within a small business

Warning: Understand the allowed or allowable trap

One of the land mines surrounding depreciation recapture rules is the concept of “allowed or allowable.” When calculating whether you owe deprecation recapture related taxes, the tax code requires that you adjust for depreciation whether or not you actually took the depreciation expense in prior years. So if you have assets that should be depreciated on your tax return, but are not, please call for a review of your situation.

What you should know

First and foremost, many unsuspecting landlords forget that years of depreciation on their property can impact their tax obligation when the property is sold. This can occur even if the sales price is less than what they paid for the property.

Secondly, the tax code applies different tax rates on ordinary income versus depreciation recapture versus long-term capital gains. The maximum tax rates on each are noted here:

Personal income tax: 37.0%

Depreciation recapture: 25.0%

Long-term capital gains: 20.0%

(excludes the impact of possible Affordable Care Act surtax)

Unfortunately, the tax laws in this area are fairly complex. The amount due can be impacted by;

• Different depreciation methods
• Use of Section 179 and bonus depreciation rules
• Improvements made to property
• Like-kind exchange rules
• Asset class designations

Thankfully, you do not need to understand the complexities surrounding depreciation recapture rules. You simply need to know they exist and ask for assistance.

Suppose you take your best client out to dinner to celebrate your business relationship. If you own a business, are self-employed or run a side business, can you deduct any of the cost?

Here are some tips to stay on the right side of the new rules:

Make clear it’s a business meal

In the past, small businesses could deduct 50 percent of the costs of both business meals and entertainment with clients. Now, the meal deduction remains but entertainment costs are no longer deductible.

The problem is that separating a business meal from client entertainment is not always clear-cut. If you treat your best clients every year to dinner and tickets to a sporting event, the tickets are not deductible, but the meal may be.

If you use the meal to discuss business, you should be safe to take the deduction. But if it’s just a social event and business is not discussed, the deduction is now harder to justify. That means it’s up to you to make clear it’s a business meal.

Document it

The easiest way to do this is to keep a business log for your meal expenses that includes a field labeled business purpose. In addition to recording the time, date, place, and cost of the meal, list each attendee, their company affiliation and professional title. Then add a short description of the specific business purpose, such as: Discussed new products and competitive price structure.

For the strongest defense of your deduction, try to define the purpose of the meeting as something that could have an impact on your bottom line. Simply chatting about trends in your industry may not pass muster if you are audited under the new rules.

Avoid luxury meals

Deductions for extravagant expenses on meals and entertainment will always be hard to defend. So if you are having a serious business discussion over dinner, make sure it’s not at a luxury restaurant that will give you a huge dinner bill.

Remember, business meals are still deductible, but must be properly documented. If done correctly this deduction should withstand any audit risk.

The tax code uses jargon that can be confusing for the unwary. One of them that impacts most of us is the term unearned income. Unearned income is often defined as anything that is not earned income. If you find this kind of definition a little too vague, here is some clarity.

Tax code definition

Before providing the definition of unearned income, take a quick look at what is typically included in both earned and unearned income.

Earned income includes salaries, wages, tips, professional fees, and taxable scholarship and fellowship grants. Employees will typically see this recorded in an annual W-2 tax form.

Unearned income includes taxable interest, ordinary dividends, and capital gain distributions. It also includes unemployment compensation, taxable social security benefits, pensions, annuities, and distributions of unearned income from a trust. Much of this income is often (but not always) recorded using 1099 tax forms.

Why does it matter?

If the tax code was simple, it wouldn’t matter one bit whether your income was earned income or unearned income. But this isn’t the case. Here are some things to consider:

Different tax rates. While most earned income is subject to ordinary income tax rates up to 37%, unearned income can be subject to different tax rates. Long term capital gains and certain dividends, for instance, are generally subject to lower capital gains tax rates. These tax rates can max out at 20% before a potential net investment income tax of 3.8% is applied.

Kiddie tax rules. The tax code limits the amount of unearned income that can be taxed at your dependent’s (usually lower) income tax rate. Amounts over this limit are taxed at the parent’s rate. The amount is $2,500 in 2023.

Tax benefit limits. Many tax credits and deductions will limit the amount of unearned income you may have and still qualify for a tax break. As an example, the Earned Income Tax Credit limits disqualified (unearned) income to $11,000 in 2023.

Timing matters. Sometimes the timing of an event can shift unearned income from ordinary income tax rates to preferential gain tax rates. This is the case with investment sales. Hold an investment for one year or less before selling it and your unearned investment gain is taxed as ordinary income. Hold it longer than one year and the unearned income is taxed at capital gains tax rates.

It’s all in the details

It’s important to understand how all elements of income apply to different aspects of the tax code. This is where working with someone familiar with the code can help.

If you contribute too much money into your IRA during the year, how do you correct the problem without facing a tax penalty? Here are some tips.

Remember the annual limits

2023 Annual IRA contribution limits

• $6,500 per individual
• $7,500 per individual if age 50 or older ($1,000 catch up provision)

This limit applies to the combination of contributions to both Traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs.

What causes excess contributions

Excess contributions can be caused by:

1. Combined total problem. This occurs when you have more than one IRA. Remember the annual limit is a combined total of all accounts. (Traditional IRA and Roth IRA combined)
2. Contributions without income. A contribution can only be made if you have income. Contributions made above your income but below the account limits are still considered excess contributions.
3. Whether your spouse is covered by a plan.
4. You are subject to a phaseout of your contribution. There are income limits that allow you to contribute each year. If you exceed the limit, all your contribution is deemed excessive. However, sometimes you can contribute to an IRA, but not the full annual amount because the allowed contribution can phase out with excess income.

Note: Age limits no longer apply. Remember you now contribute to Traditional IRAs at any age. The old rules required you to stop contributions in the year you reach age 70 1/2 or later.

Corrective action and penalty

If you place too much money into your retirement account you have until the tax filing deadline including any extensions to remove the excess contribution. Any excess amount will be subject to a 6% penalty for each year the excess contribution remains in your account. You may also owe tax on contributions and earnings created by the excess contribution.

In addition:

Traditional IRAs. You will need to account for the additional income on your tax return. So if you discover the problem after you file your income tax return, you may need to file an amended tax return.

Roth IRAs. You can move excess contributions into the next year as long as IRA contributions in the following year are below the maximum allowed. Any earnings made during the time the excess contributions were in your account is taxable.

Some ideas

What can you do to minimize the risk of excess contributions?

Make it automatic. Set up an automatic withdrawal from your checking account to fund your IRA. Conduct the math to ensure you will never contribute too much.

Make a lump sum contribution. Make a one-time contribution at the beginning or end of each year. Want to wait for your refund? Remember you have until April 15th of the following year to fund your IRA. Consider taking advantage of this additional time.

Rollovers are not contributions. Remember rollovers ARE NOT contributions so the annual contribution limits do not apply. If you wish to roll funds from a qualified plan into your IRA, the excess contribution limits will not impact you as long as the rollover is handled correctly. It is a good idea to seek expert help in this area to ensure your rollover is compliant with tax code. For instance, there are usually tax obligations if the rollover is from a traditional IRA into a Roth IRA.